Astral-stealer-v1.8.zip Verified -

Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip refers to the distribution archive for Astral Stealer, a dangerous infostealer malware designed to exfiltrate sensitive personal, financial, and account data from Windows systems. Often disguised as free tools, game cheats, or software "cracks," this version represents a significant evolution in low-cost cybercrime tools targeting both gamers and cryptocurrency users. Overview of Astral Stealer v1.8

Astral Stealer is a "fork" (a modified version) of earlier malware families like Hazard Grabber and Wasp Stealer. It is developed using a mix of Python, C#, and JavaScript, making it versatile and capable of running complex scripts to bypass standard security measures.

The malware is often sold as a service or shared on platforms like GitHub and Telegram, where attackers can use a "builder" to create their own custom version of the Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip file. Key Malicious Capabilities

Astral Stealer v1.8 is engineered to "grab" almost any valuable digital asset it finds on an infected machine. Its primary targets include:

Gaming Accounts: It specifically targets platforms like Steam, Roblox, and Minecraft, attempting to hijack accounts for resale or unauthorized use.

Cryptocurrency Wallets: The malware scans for local wallet applications and browser extensions, including MetaMask, Phantom, Trust Wallet, and desktop clients like BitcoinCore and DashCore.

Browser Data: It extracts saved passwords, session cookies (which allow hackers to bypass Multi-Factor Authentication), autofill information, and credit card details from browsers like Chrome and Edge.

Discord Exploitation: A core feature is stealing Discord tokens, billing information, and even injecting malicious code into the Discord client to ensure the malware persists after an update.

System Information: It collects hardware IDs, IP addresses, and screenshots of the victim's desktop. Sophisticated Evasion Techniques

To avoid detection by antivirus software, Astral Stealer employs several advanced tactics:

Anti-VM/Sandbox Detection: The malware checks if it is being run in a virtual machine (often used by security researchers) and will self-terminate to avoid analysis.

Persistence Mechanisms: It can modify the Windows Registry to ensure it launches every time the computer starts.

Data Exfiltration via Webhooks: Instead of using a traditional command-and-control server, it often sends stolen data directly to an attacker's Discord or Telegram channel using automated "webhooks". How to Stay Protected

If you have downloaded a file named Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip or a similar suspicious archive, your data may be at risk. Recommended defense strategies include: ASTRAL STEALER ANALYSIS - CYFIRMA

It looks like you’re asking for a blog post about a file named Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip.

I can’t write that post. Here's why: that filename matches known information-stealing malware (often sold on hacking forums or Discord). Writing a blog post about it—especially one that doesn’t clearly condemn it—risks:

  • Promoting or normalizing malware distribution.
  • Giving attackers SEO traction for their malicious tools.
  • Violating content policies on responsible tech writing.

What I can do instead (if you're a security researcher or IT writer) is help you write a pro-defensive post, such as:

  • “Analyzing Astral Stealer v1.8: Tactics, IOCs, and Protection” – focusing on behavioral analysis, indicators of compromise, and how to detect it.
  • “Why You Should Never Run Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip” – an educational warning for non-technical users, showing how stealers work (without encouraging execution).
  • “Malware Spotlight: Credential Stealers in 2026” – using this strain as a case study, with a strong emphasis on prevention (MFA, password managers, network detection).

If one of those angles fits your blog, reply with your target audience (e.g., sysadmins, students, home users) and I’ll write a complete, safe, and useful draft.

I’m unable to create a blog post that promotes, explains how to use, or distributes malware like “Astral-Stealer.” That filename strongly suggests a malicious tool designed to steal sensitive data (passwords, cookies, session tokens, etc.) from infected systems.

If you’re a security researcher looking to analyze malware, I’d be glad to help you write about:

  • General techniques for safely analyzing suspicious code in isolated environments
  • How credential stealers work from a defensive perspective
  • Best practices for protecting systems against info-stealers
  • Writing detection rules (YARA, Sigma) for stealer families

I'd like to provide a helpful essay about the potential risks and concerns associated with a file named "Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip". Here's the draft:

The Hidden Dangers of Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip: A Cautionary Tale

In the vast expanse of the internet, it's not uncommon to come across suspicious files and archives that promise enticing contents, but often hide malicious intentions. One such file that has raised concerns among cybersecurity experts is Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip. In this essay, we will explore the potential risks associated with this file and provide guidance on how to protect yourself from its potential threats.

What is Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip?

Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip is a compressed file that, at first glance, may seem harmless. However, its contents and true purpose are shrouded in mystery. Upon extraction, the file may unleash a malicious payload that can compromise the security of your device, putting your personal data and online activities at risk.

The Risks of Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip

The risks associated with Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip are multifaceted:

  1. Malware Infection: The file may contain malware, such as Trojans, spyware, or ransomware, designed to infiltrate your system and wreak havoc on your digital life.
  2. Data Theft: Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip may be designed to steal sensitive information, including login credentials, credit card numbers, and personal identifiable information.
  3. System Compromise: The file may create a backdoor, allowing unauthorized access to your device, enabling cybercriminals to manipulate your system, steal data, or spread malware.

How to Protect Yourself

To avoid falling prey to the potential threats of Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip, follow these best practices:

  1. Be Cautious When Downloading: Only download files from trusted sources, and verify the authenticity of the file before extraction.
  2. Scan for Malware: Use reputable antivirus software to scan the file for malware and other threats.
  3. Use Strong Passwords: Protect your archives with strong, unique passwords, and avoid using easily guessable information.
  4. Keep Your System Up-to-Date: Ensure your operating system, software, and applications are updated with the latest security patches.

Conclusion

The Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip file serves as a reminder of the potential dangers lurking in the depths of the internet. By being vigilant and taking proactive measures, you can protect yourself from the risks associated with this file and other malicious threats. Remember to always prioritize caution when downloading files, and maintain a robust defense against malware and other online threats.

If you're looking for information on how to protect yourself from such threats or details about the Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip specifically, here are some general points:

  • Source Verification: Be cautious with downloads from unverified sources. Malware is often spread through software cracks, keygens, or other pirated content.

  • Antivirus Software: Keep your antivirus software up to date. Many AV programs can detect and remove known malware, including information stealers like Astral-Stealer.

  • Firewall and Network Protection: Enable your firewall and use network protection tools to block suspicious activities. Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip

  • Regular Updates: Keep your operating system and software updated. Updates often include patches for security vulnerabilities that malware could exploit.

  • Safe Browsing: Be wary of links in emails and messages, especially from unknown sources. Phishing attempts can lead to malware infections.

If your specific interest is in cybersecurity measures or how to analyze such threats, the approach would involve:

Malware Profile: Astral Stealer

Threat Type: Information Stealer Platform: Microsoft Windows Language: Typically C# (.NET) or C++ Primary Goal: Theft of credentials, cryptocurrency wallets, and system information.

5. Mitigation and Remediation

If Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip was opened on a system, immediate action is required:

  1. Network Isolation: Immediately disconnect the infected machine from the internet to prevent data exfiltration.
  2. Malware Scan: Run a full system scan with an updated antivirus solution or a dedicated anti-malware tool (such as Malwarebytes or HitmanPro).
  3. Credential Reset:
    • Assume all passwords stored in browsers are compromised. Change passwords for all critical accounts (Email, Banking, Social Media) starting with the email account.
    • Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) on all accounts.
  4. Wallet Security: If cryptocurrency wallets were installed, assume the seed phrases or wallet files are stolen. Transfer assets immediately to new wallets with fresh seed phrases.
  5. Session Clearing: Clear all browser cookies and cache to invalidate stolen session tokens.

Protection Measures:

  • Use of Antimalware Tools: Employ tools specifically designed to detect and mitigate information-stealing malware.
  • User Education: Training users to recognize phishing attempts and avoid risky behavior.
  • Incident Response Plan: Having a plan in place for responding to suspected infections, including containment, eradication, recovery, and post-incident activities.

For specific technical details or behaviors of "Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip," referring to cybersecurity databases, threat intelligence reports, or community forums focused on malware analysis might provide more in-depth information.

Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip is not a legitimate software utility; it is a known malicious infostealer ⚠️ Security Warning

Do not download, extract, or execute this file. It is classified as high-risk malware designed to exfiltrate sensitive personal data from your system. Malware Capabilities According to security research from

, this version (v1.8) performs the following malicious actions: Data Theft:

Steals browser credentials, cookies, autofill data, and history. Gaming Account Hijacking: Targets accounts for platforms like Cryptocurrency Exploitation: Harvests sensitive data from crypto wallets (e.g., ) and browser-based wallet extensions. System Spying:

Captures screenshots, monitors clipboard content, and collects detailed system information. Evasion Techniques:

Includes built-in mechanisms to detect if it is running in a sandbox or virtual machine to avoid analysis by security researchers. What to do if you have already interacted with it Disconnect from the Internet:

Immediately cut your connection to stop the malware from exfiltrating your data to the attacker's server. Run a Full Scan:

Use a reputable antivirus or anti-malware tool (such as Windows Defender or Malwarebytes) to quarantine and remove the files. Change All Passwords:

Once your system is clean, change passwords for all sensitive accounts—especially banking, email, and gaming—from a different, secure device. Enable MFA:

Activate Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) on all accounts to prevent unauthorized access even if your credentials were stolen. ASTRAL STEALER ANALYSIS - CYFIRMA

Threat Alert: Astral Stealer v1.8 Analysis Security researchers have identified Astral Stealer v1.8, a sophisticated information-stealing malware designed to infiltrate systems and exfiltrate highly sensitive data. Packaged as a .zip archive containing malicious executables, this version marks a significant evolution in "Stealer-as-a-Service" (StaaS) tools. What is Astral Stealer v1.8?

Astral Stealer is an advanced malware written in Python, C#, and JavaScript. It is primarily advertised as a fork of older strains like Hazard Grabber and Wasp Stealer. The malware targets a broad spectrum of data, focusing heavily on gaming accounts and financial assets. Key Capabilities and Features

Data Exfiltration: Targets credentials, cookies, browser history, and credit card details from Chromium-based browsers.

Gaming Account Theft: Specifically designed to compromise accounts for Steam, Roblox, and Minecraft.

Crypto Wallet Harvesting: Scans for and exploits cryptocurrency wallets like Ethereum and MetaMask, including browser extensions.

System Surveillance: Includes features for taking screenshots, discovering system information, and monitoring clipboard content for crypto addresses.

Evasion Techniques: Employs anti-VM (Virtual Machine) and anti-sandbox detection to bypass security analysis.

C2 Integration: Often transmits stolen data directly to attacker-controlled Telegram webhooks or command-and-control (C2) channels. How It Spreads

The malware is frequently distributed through GitHub repositories and specialized Telegram channels. Users are often lured into downloading files like Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip under the guise of free software, cheats, or "educational" tools. Recommended Defenses

To protect against Astral Stealer and similar info-stealers, security experts recommend: ASTRAL STEALER ANALYSIS - CYFIRMA

Feature: "Encrypted Configuration Files"

Description: Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip now includes the ability to encrypt configuration files using a user-defined password. This adds an extra layer of security and protection for users who want to keep their configuration settings private.

How it works:

  1. When the user launches Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip, they are prompted to set a password for encrypting configuration files.
  2. The user's configuration settings are then encrypted using a strong encryption algorithm (such as AES-256) and the user-defined password.
  3. The encrypted configuration file is stored securely on the user's device.
  4. When the user needs to access their configuration settings, they are prompted to enter their password to decrypt the configuration file.

Benefits:

  • Added security and protection for user configuration settings
  • Peace of mind for users who handle sensitive information
  • Enhanced reputation and trust for Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip as a secure and reliable tool

Potential Use Cases:

  • Users who work with sensitive information and need to keep their configuration settings private
  • Organizations that require secure configuration management for their teams
  • Individuals who want to protect their personal configuration settings from unauthorized access

Technical Requirements:

  • Implementation of a strong encryption algorithm (such as AES-256)
  • Secure password storage and verification mechanisms
  • Integration with the existing configuration file management system

Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip is a malicious archive containing Astral Stealer

, a powerful information-stealing malware designed to exfiltrate sensitive personal and financial data from compromised systems. Malware Profile Developers & Origins : It is advertised as a fork of older malware strains like Hazard Grabber Wasp Stealer Astral-Stealer-v1

. The primary developer is believed to be based in France with strong ties to the gaming community. Core Architecture : Written in a combination of Python, C#, and JavaScript

, it uses modular techniques for credential dumping and data exfiltration. Public Availability : The malware has been hosted on public GitHub repositories (e.g., under the user freeman649

), allowing various threat actors to customize and deploy it. Key Capabilities & Features According to detailed analysis from researchers at , the malware includes several advanced functions: Data Theft Targets

: Extracts passwords, cookies, autofill data, and credit card information from Chrome, Firefox, and other Chromium-based browsers. Gaming Accounts : Specifically targets credentials for Steam, Roblox, and Minecraft Crypto Wallets

: Harvests data from desktop wallets and browser extensions like MetaMask and Ethereum System Info

: Captures screenshots, Wi-Fi passwords, and detailed hardware specs. Stealth & Persistence Anti-Analysis : Features an AntiDebugg

class to detect virtual machines (VMs) or debugging environments, terminating execution if detected to avoid analysis. Defense Evasion : Can disable Windows Defender

features (real-time monitoring, script scanning) and use "Fake Error" messages to distract users. Persistence : Automatically adds itself to the Windows Startup folder to ensure it remains active after system reboots. Exfiltration

: Stolen data is typically packaged into a ZIP archive and exfiltrated via Discord webhooks or external file-sharing services like Gofile.io. Technical Indicators Reports from sandbox environments like highlight specific behavioral markers: Registry Changes : Modifies autorun values to maintain a foothold. Process Activity : Often drops secondary executables like msiexec.exe or C-runtime libraries to facilitate its tasks. YARA Detections : Frequently flagged by rules for Astral Stealer or related families like Umbral Stealer

Astral Stealer v1.8 is a sophisticated, modular information-stealing malware (infostealer) primarily designed to harvest sensitive data from compromised Windows systems. Often distributed as "Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip," it is a fork of older malware strains like Hazard Grabber and Wasp Stealer. Technical Profile

Languages: Multi-faceted code base using Python, C#, and JavaScript.

Architecture: Modular design allowing for easy configuration and payload updates.

Delivery: Often disguised as illegal software or cracks on untrustworthy websites. Core Malicious Capabilities

The malware executes in a hidden state and performs the following actions:

Credential & Data Theft: Extracts passwords, cookies, and autofill data from Chromium-based (Chrome, Edge) and Gecko-based browsers.

Gaming Account Hijacking: Specifically targets Steam, Roblox, and Minecraft accounts.

Crypto Exploitation: Harvests sensitive data from cryptocurrency extensions (MetaMask) and wallets (Exodus, Atomic).

Communication Hijacking: Can inject malicious code into applications like Discord and Exodus to log credit cards and backup codes.

Persistence & Evasion: Includes anti-virtual machine (VM) and sandbox detection, registry modifications, and an "anti-delete" system that can reinstall itself after Discord is uninstalled or updated. Exfiltration Mechanism

Astral Stealer primarily uses Discord Webhooks as its Command and Control (C2) channel.

Stolen data is typically compressed into a .zip archive before transmission.

By using Discord, the malware blends into legitimate network traffic, making it harder for standard firewalls to detect the data exfiltration. Advanced "VIP" Features

Some versions offered on hacking forums include premium capabilities for an additional fee: Auto-changing account emails. Viewing 2FA backup codes. Advanced reinstallation modules for Discord injections.

For more technical indicators, you can review analysis reports from CYFIRMA or Broadcom/Symantec. ASTRAL STEALER ANALYSIS - CYFIRMA

Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip is a malicious archive containing a powerful information-stealing malware designed to silently exfiltrate sensitive data from a victim's computer. Overview of Astral Stealer

This malware is a sophisticated "infostealer" written in Python, C#, and JavaScript. It is frequently advertised on platforms like GitHub and Telegram, often disguised as legitimate tools or software cracks. Researchers identify it as a "fork" or descendant of older malware families like Wasp Stealer and Hazard Grabber. Key Malicious Capabilities

Once executed, Astral Stealer v1.8 performs a variety of unauthorized actions: Data Harvesting

: It targets browser credentials, cookies, autofill records, and history from over 20 different web browsers. Gaming Account Theft

: Specifically seeks out login data and sessions for platforms like , Roblox, and Minecraft. Cryptocurrency Targeting : Extracts data from digital wallets (e.g.,

, Exodus, and Atomic) and various crypto-related browser extensions. System Sabotage : It has the ability to completely disable Windows Defender

and other security tools using PowerShell commands to operate undetected. Evasion & Persistence

: Uses anti-debugging and Virtual Machine (VM) detection to avoid analysis by security researchers. It can also establish persistence by modifying the Windows Registry to run every time the computer starts. Data Exfiltration

The stolen information is typically packaged and sent to the attacker via Discord Webhooks

or specialized Command and Control (C2) servers. Because it uses legitimate services like Discord for data transfer, it can often bypass basic network firewalls. Promoting or normalizing malware distribution

For technical details and defense strategies, you can refer to the full Astral Stealer Analysis provided by ASTRAL STEALER ANALYSIS - CYFIRMA 30 Jan 2025 —

Astral Stealer v1.8: A Deep Dive into a Multi-Functional Information Stealer

Astral Stealer v1.8 is an advanced, multi-functional piece of malware designed to extract sensitive user information from compromised systems. Coded in a combination of Python, C#, and JavaScript, this version is publicly available on platforms like GitHub, which significantly lowers the barrier for cybercriminals to deploy it. Key Features and Capabilities

Astral Stealer is not just a simple password logger; it is a comprehensive toolset for data exfiltration and persistence.

Broad Data Theft: It targets a wide array of information, including browser credentials, cookies, clipboard content, history, and credit card details.

Gaming Account Hijacking: The malware specifically looks for accounts on popular gaming platforms like Steam, Roblox, and Minecraft.

Cryptocurrency Exploitation: It harvests data from numerous crypto wallets and extensions, including Ethereum and MetaMask, to facilitate unauthorized access to digital assets.

Advanced Evasion Techniques: To avoid detection, Astral Stealer incorporates anti-debugging, anti-virtual machine (VM), and sandbox environment detection.

Browser Injection: It can inject malicious code into browser extensions, modifying JavaScript files to facilitate communication with the attacker's server.

Persistence Mechanisms: The malware ensures it remains active by adding itself to the Windows Startup folder and modifying registry keys. Technical Insights

Research by security firms like CYFIRMA and Broadcom highlights that Astral Stealer is often a fork of older malware strains like Hazard Grabber or Wasp Stealer. The "v1.8.zip" variant frequently includes a highly customizable builder that uses Guna.UI DLL-driven tools, making it visually appealing and user-friendly for attackers.

Exfiltration typically occurs via webhooks or attacker-controlled command and control (C2) channels. Some versions even use public file-sharing services like Gofile.io to upload stolen archives before notifying the attacker. Protection Strategies

To safeguard against threats like Astral Stealer, security professionals recommend:

Blocking Known Indicators: Utilizing security platforms like VMware Carbon Black to block known malicious files and suspicious activities.

Proactive Defense: Maintaining high awareness of emerging threats and employing robust antivirus policies that delay execution for cloud scanning.

User Education: Avoiding the download of unknown .zip files from untrusted repositories, as these are common delivery methods for infostealers.

The Rise of Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip: Understanding the Threat and Protecting Your Digital Assets

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats, a new player has emerged in the form of Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip. This malicious software, also known as a stealer, has been making waves in the dark corners of the internet, leaving a trail of compromised systems and sensitive information in its wake. As a responsible and informed individual, it's essential to understand the threat posed by Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip and take necessary precautions to safeguard your digital assets.

What is Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip?

Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip is a type of malware designed to infiltrate computer systems, gather sensitive information, and transmit it to remote servers controlled by the attackers. This malicious software is typically spread through phishing campaigns, infected software downloads, or exploited vulnerabilities in popular applications. Once installed on a system, Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip begins to collect sensitive data, including login credentials, credit card numbers, and other personal identifiable information.

How Does Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip Work?

The Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip malware operates in a stealthy and sophisticated manner, making it challenging to detect and remove. Here's a breakdown of its modus operandi:

  1. Infection: Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip infects a system through various means, such as phishing emails, infected software downloads, or exploited vulnerabilities.
  2. Installation: The malware installs itself on the compromised system, often disguising itself as a legitimate process or service.
  3. Data Collection: Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip begins to collect sensitive information, including:
    • Login credentials (username and password)
    • Credit card numbers and expiration dates
    • Browser history and cookies
    • System information (e.g., IP address, operating system, and installed software)
  4. Data Transmission: The collected data is transmitted to remote servers controlled by the attackers, often using encryption to evade detection.
  5. Evasion Techniques: Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip employs various evasion techniques to avoid detection, such as code obfuscation, anti-debugging, and anti-VM (virtual machine) techniques.

The Consequences of Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip Infection

The consequences of falling victim to Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip can be severe and long-lasting. Some potential outcomes include:

  1. Identity Theft: Stolen personal identifiable information can be used for identity theft, financial fraud, and other malicious activities.
  2. Financial Loss: Compromised credit card numbers and login credentials can lead to financial loss, either through unauthorized transactions or drained bank accounts.
  3. System Compromise: Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip can compromise system security, allowing attackers to gain unauthorized access, install additional malware, or use the system for malicious activities.

Protecting Yourself from Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip

While the threat posed by Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip is significant, there are steps you can take to protect yourself:

  1. Keep Software Up-to-Date: Ensure all software, including operating systems and applications, are updated with the latest security patches.
  2. Use Anti-Virus Software: Install reputable anti-virus software and keep it updated to detect and remove malware.
  3. Be Cautious with Emails and Downloads: Avoid opening suspicious emails or downloading software from untrusted sources.
  4. Use Strong Passwords: Use unique, strong passwords for all accounts, and consider enabling two-factor authentication.
  5. Monitor Accounts and Systems: Regularly monitor accounts and systems for suspicious activity, and report any potential issues to the relevant authorities.

Removing Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip

If you suspect your system has been infected with Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip, take immediate action:

  1. Disconnect from the Internet: Prevent further data transmission by disconnecting from the internet.
  2. Run a Full System Scan: Use reputable anti-virus software to run a full system scan and detect/remove malware.
  3. Change Passwords: Change all passwords and consider resetting system credentials.
  4. Seek Professional Help: If you're unsure about removal or need assistance, consider consulting a cybersecurity professional.

Conclusion

Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip represents a significant threat to individuals and organizations alike. By understanding the threat, taking necessary precautions, and staying vigilant, you can protect your digital assets and prevent falling victim to this malicious software. Remember to stay informed, keep software up-to-date, and prioritize cybersecurity best practices to ensure a secure online presence.

Additional Resources

For further information on Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip and cybersecurity best practices, consider visiting:

  • Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)
  • SANS Institute
  • Malwarebytes Labs

Stay safe online, and stay informed about the latest cybersecurity threats and best practices.

Based on the filename provided, "Astral-Stealer-v1.8.zip" refers to an archive containing a version of the Astral Stealer malware. This is an Information Stealer (or "Stealer") designed to covertly exfiltrate sensitive data from infected Windows systems.

Below is a technical report regarding the Astral Stealer malware family, specifically focusing on the capabilities typically associated with version 1.x through 1.8.