Wudase Mariam In English Pdf [top]

Finding a high-quality "Wudase Mariam" English PDF is essential for Ethiopian Orthodox Christians in the diaspora who may not read Ge'ez or Amharic. The most reputable versions provide a literal yet poetic translation of the "Praise of Mary," a central liturgical text composed by St. Ephraim the Syrian. Top Recommended PDF Sources

St. Gabriel Church Media (Calaméo): This 46-page multilingual edition is highly valued for including Ge'ez, Amharic, and English side-by-side. It is ideal for those learning the traditional prayers while following along in English.

Emannuel Ratnakar (Scribd/Amazon): A widely cited translation titled "Wudase Mariam: Hymns of Praise". It focuses on the seven daily hymns, portraying Mary through biblical archetypes like the "Golden Pot" and "Garden of Delight". Key Features of a Good Translation

Liturgical Accuracy: High-quality versions maintain the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's specific theological nuances, such as the Andimta (commentary) interpretations.

Daily Structure: Authentic PDFs are organized by the day of the week (Monday through Sunday), as each day has its own dedicated hymn of praise.

Supplemental Prayers: Better resources often include additional texts like the Anqetse Birhan (Gate of Light), Yewiedswa Melaekt (Praise of Angels), and the Psalms of David. Digital Alternatives

If you prefer a mobile experience over a static PDF, several apps offer the English text with offline access:

Widase Mariam (by Biniam Asnake Kefale): Supports English, Amharic, Ge'ez, and German. Note that some users have reported minor language display bugs in recent updates.

Wudase Mariam (by Hailearegay): A highly-rated Android app that includes daily devotionals and intercessions in four languages.

Essay:

"Wudase Mariam" is a spiritual text written in the 17th century by Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church priest, Girma Berun. The title translates to "The Love of Mary" in English. This sacred text is a treasured spiritual guide for many Christians in Ethiopia and beyond. Although it was originally written in Ge'ez, an ancient Ethiopian language, its impact and message have transcended linguistic and cultural boundaries.

The text is a collection of prayers, hymns, and litanies dedicated to the Virgin Mary, revered as the mother of Jesus Christ. It is a devotional work that expresses the deep affection and reverence for Mary, emphasizing her role as a spiritual mother and intercessor. Through its poetic and symbolic language, "Wudase Mariam" conveys the profound love and veneration for Mary, which is a distinctive feature of Ethiopian Orthodox spirituality.

The significance of "Wudase Mariam" lies in its ability to inspire spiritual growth, devotion, and contemplation. The text invites readers to meditate on the life and virtues of Mary, encouraging them to emulate her example of faith, humility, and obedience to God's will. By doing so, it provides a path for spiritual seekers to deepen their relationship with God and cultivate a sense of inner peace and compassion.

In the context of Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, "Wudase Mariam" plays a vital role in the liturgical and devotional practices of the Church. It is often recited during prayer services, particularly on Sundays and feast days, and is considered an essential part of the Church's spiritual heritage.

The themes of love, compassion, and devotion that permeate "Wudase Mariam" are universally relatable, making it a valuable resource for Christians and non-Christians alike. This text serves as a bridge between cultures, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of Ethiopian Orthodox spirituality and its rich traditions.

In conclusion, "Wudase Mariam" is a spiritual text that embodies the profound love and devotion to the Virgin Mary, while offering a path for spiritual growth and contemplation. Its significance extends beyond the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, speaking to universal themes of love, compassion, and devotion.

Availability: While I couldn't find a direct PDF version of "Wudase Mariam" in English, you may be able to find it through online archives, libraries, or digital repositories that specialize in Ethiopian studies or Orthodox Christian texts. Some possible sources include:

Keep in mind that the availability and accessibility of the text may vary depending on copyright and permissions.

If you'd like, I can try to help you find more information or resources related to "Wudase Mariam".

Understanding Wudase Mariam: A Guide to the Ethiopian Orthodox Prayer of Praise

The Wudase Mariam (Praises of Mary) is one of the most beloved and frequently recited prayer books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. For many believers living in the diaspora or for those who do not speak Ge'ez or Amharic fluently, finding a Wudase Mariam in English PDF is essential for maintaining their spiritual practice.

This article explores the significance of this sacred text, its structure, and why having an English translation is so valuable for modern practitioners. What is the Wudase Mariam?

The Wudase Mariam is a collection of hymns and prayers dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Theotokos). Tradition holds that it was composed by Saint Ephrem the Syrian in the 4th century and later translated into Ge'ez, the liturgical language of Ethiopia.

The book is structured into seven sections, one for each day of the week. This allows the faithful to integrate the praises of the Mother of God into their daily morning routine. The prayers are deeply theological, intertwining biblical types, prophecies, and poetic reflections on the Incarnation of Christ. The Structure of Daily Praises

When you look through a Wudase Mariam English PDF, you will notice the content is organized as follows:

Monday: Focuses on the creation and how Mary became the "New Eve."

Tuesday: Highlights the burning bush that Moses saw, symbolizing Mary carrying the divine fire of Christ.

Wednesday: Discusses the "Seal of Solomon" and the mystery of the Incarnation.

Thursday: Often considered the most poetic, focusing on the chariot of the Cherubim.

Friday: Reflects on the crucifixion and Mary’s role at the foot of the cross.

Saturday: Celebrates the Sabbath and the peace brought through Christ.

Sunday: The culmination of praise, often recited with the Anaphora during the Divine Liturgy. Why Seek an English PDF Version?

While the Ge'ez language carries a rhythmic and ancient power, the shift toward English translations serves several vital purposes: wudase mariam in english pdf

Comprehension: Many second-generation Ethiopians and converts find that reading in English allows them to internalize the deep theological meanings of the prayers rather than just reciting sounds.

Accessibility: A PDF format is portable. You can keep the "Wudase Mariam in English" on your smartphone or tablet, making it easy to pray during a commute or while traveling.

Educational Tool: For those learning about the Ethiopian Orthodox faith, an English version provides a window into the Church’s unique "Mariology"—its specific way of honoring Mary as the vessel of salvation. What to Look for in a Translation

When searching for a reliable Wudase Mariam English PDF, ensure the translation comes from a reputable source within the Church. A good translation should: Maintain the poetic "Kidassie" (Chant) style.

Provide a side-by-side (bilingual) view of Ge'ez/Amharic and English if possible.

Include the introductory prayers (The Lord’s Prayer, the Nicene Creed) that usually precede the daily reading. Conclusion

The Wudase Mariam is more than just a book; it is a spiritual lifeline for millions. By utilizing an English PDF version, you can bridge the gap between ancient tradition and modern understanding, ensuring that these beautiful praises continue to resonate in the hearts of the faithful worldwide.

The Wudase Mariam (Praise of Mary) is a collection of hymns and prayers from the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, traditionally attributed to St. Ephrem the Syrian. It is structured with specific hymns for each day of the week, celebrating the Virgin Mary as the Mother of God (Theotokos). Guide to Accessing Wudase Mariam in English 1. Digital PDF Sources

Several English translations are available for download or online reading:

Wudase Mariam: Hymns of Praise (Sunday): A PDF containing hymns specifically for Sunday, including the "Rejoice, O Bethlehem" section.

Wudase Mariam: Ethiopian Orthodox Text: Available on platforms like Scribd, this document provides the prayer text in various formats.

Multilingual Versions: Platforms like Calameo host texts that include Ge'ez, Amharic, and English side-by-side. 2. Mobile Applications (Alternative to PDF)

Apps often provide more features like audio or font resizing:

Wdase Mariam - Ethiopian Ortho: Available on the Google Play Store, this app includes Amharic, Tigrinya, and English versions.

Widase Mariam ውዳሴ ማርያም (APK): An alternative Android app for reading prayers and searching for specific scriptures. 3. Daily Prayer Structure

If you are developing a guide for personal or communal use, follow the traditional weekly structure:

Monday - Saturday: Individual hymns designated for each day of the week. Sunday: The primary hymn of praise for the Lord's Day.

Core Themes: The prayers focus on Mary as the "holy golden pot" and the mediator between believers and God. 4. Fasting and Practice Wudase Mariam: Hymns of Praise | PDF | Gabriel - Scribd

The Wudase Mariam (Praises of Mary) is a collection of hymns and prayers used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It is traditionally attributed to Saint Ephrem the Syrian and is organized into seven sections, one for each day of the week. The Significance of Wudase Mariam

The Wudase Mariam serves as a cornerstone of Ethiopian Orthodox spirituality. It focuses on the mystery of the Incarnation, highlighting the role of the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos (God-bearer). For believers, reciting these prayers is a way to seek Mary’s intercession and to meditate on the divinity of Christ. Structure and Content Daily Devotion: Each day has a unique set of poetic verses.

Biblical Imagery: It uses metaphors like the "Burning Bush" and "Noah’s Ark."

Theology: It reinforces the "Tewahedo" (unified) nature of Christ.

Language: Originally written in Ge'ez, it is now widely translated into Amharic and English. Key Themes

Intercession: The belief that Mary prays for the salvation of humanity.

Purity: Emphasis on Mary’s perpetual virginity and sinlessness.

The Incarnation: Detailed praise for the physical vessel that held the Word of God.

💡 Note on PDF Versions: You can find English translations in PDF format through digital archives like The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Diaspora websites or academic repositories focusing on Ge'ez literature.

To help you find the best PDF version or specific daily prayer: Do you need the Monday-Sunday full text? Is this for academic study or personal devotion?

I can provide the specific text for a certain day if you let me know which one you need.

Review: "Wudase Mariam in English PDF"

Introduction

"Wudase Mariam" is a spiritual text that has garnered significant attention worldwide, particularly among Christian communities. The book's popularity has led to an increased demand for English translations, with many seeking to access its contents in a more widely understood language. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the "Wudase Mariam in English PDF" to help readers understand its content, translation quality, and overall value. Finding a high-quality " Wudase Mariam " English

Content Overview

The "Wudase Mariam" is an Ethiopian Orthodox text attributed to Saint Mary of Egypt, a 4th-century saint revered for her piety and spiritual guidance. The book is a collection of spiritual teachings, prayers, and liturgical texts, offering guidance on the spiritual life, repentance, and communion with God. The content is characterized by its rich spiritual heritage, providing insights into the mystical and theological traditions of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.

Translation Quality and Accuracy

The English translation of "Wudase Mariam" provided in the PDF appears to be well-executed, maintaining the essence and spiritual fervor of the original text. The translation is readable, and the language is clear, making it accessible to a broad audience. However, some sections may seem slightly archaic, likely due to the efforts to preserve the original text's liturgical and poetic nuances.

Key Features and Benefits

  1. Spiritual Guidance: The "Wudase Mariam" offers profound spiritual guidance, making it a valuable resource for those seeking a deeper understanding of Christian mysticism and asceticism.
  2. Liturgical Significance: The text includes various liturgical prayers and hymns, providing a glimpse into the rich liturgical heritage of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
  3. Historical Importance: The book is an important historical document, offering insights into the life and teachings of Saint Mary of Egypt and the early Christian tradition.

Potential Drawbacks and Limitations

  1. Limited Contextualization: The PDF lacks introductory materials or footnotes that could provide historical context, explanations of theological terms, or biographical information about Saint Mary of Egypt.
  2. Typography and Formatting: The PDF's layout and typography may appear somewhat basic, which could affect readability for some users.

Conclusion and Recommendation

The "Wudase Mariam in English PDF" is a valuable resource for individuals interested in Christian spirituality, mysticism, and the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. While the translation is generally accurate and readable, users should be aware of the potential limitations, such as the lack of contextualization and basic typography.

For those interested in exploring the spiritual riches of "Wudase Mariam," this PDF is a good starting point. However, readers are encouraged to supplement their study with additional resources, such as commentaries or scholarly works, to deepen their understanding of the text's historical and theological context.

Rating: 4/5

Recommendation for Future Editions

By addressing these suggestions, future editions of "Wudase Mariam in English" can become even more valuable resources for spiritual seekers and scholars alike.

Here is the content for a document titled "Wudase Mariam: The Praise of Mary in Ethiopian Tradition" , formatted for a PDF. You can copy this text into a word processor (Word, Google Docs) and save as PDF.

Document Title: Wudase Mariam – An Introduction & English Translation Subtitle: The Liturgy of Praise to the Virgin Mary in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

Wudase Mariam

Wudase Mariam was born under the soft shadow of the Adera hills, where the rains sang like silver bells and the road to the market wound through fields of teff and sunlit maize. Her mother named her Mariam for the church bell that rang on the morning of her birth; her grandfather added "Wudase"—the quiet name that meant "gentle dawn"—because she had come into the world just as the first light touched the valley.

From the beginning Mariam listened. She learned the patterns of the rain: how the clouds gathered like tall ships on the horizon, how the first splash on the soil foretold a good season, how the wind through the sorghum whispered of neighbors' comings and goings. She sat at her grandmother's knee and traced the stitches of old story-cloths, learning the names of ancestors and the animals that shared their land. Her questions were small and steady, like pebbles dropped into a calm pond.

At nine she began walking alone to the town school, a path of stones and shade that taught her to be watchful. She found friends in the schoolyard—Amanuel with a grin always ready, Fatima who braided bright ribbons into her hair, and Yosef who could whittle bird shapes from scrap wood. Mariam loved books more than dolls. The teacher, Mr. Kebede, noticed how Mariam's eyes lingered on every new word and began giving her the extra reader he kept in a battered tin box.

One season the rains were late. The streams that had sung were hush; the goats grew thin and the acacia trees curled their leaves inward. Farmers gathered in the market square to speak in low tones about seed and savings. Mariam watched her parents count the small coins with trembling hands. She sat on the house steps and thought of the cracked earth and the lessons in the schoolroom about making do.

That winter, a traveling nurse set up a small clinic near the church. She taught simple ways to keep water clean and seeds safe. Mariam listened to the nurse and then to Mr. Kebede's words about science and soil, and an idea like a bird took flight in her chest: she would learn to help the land hold water, to teach neighbors how to save the seeds that would sprout despite the drought.

Mariam began to collect pieces of advice from everyone she met. From the old woman at the well she learned how to scoop water so the last drops remained cool. From the seed-seller she learned which sorghum strains bent their necks to the wind but kept their grain. From Yosef she learned to craft small clay catchments. Each lesson was small, but when woven together they made a net strong enough to carry hope.

She started at the school. With permission from Mr. Kebede and the village elders, Mariam organized an afternoon class for the children and a separate one for farmers after market day. She drew diagrams in the dirt and worked with them to build tiny terraces along a sloped garden, to lay mulch and compost, to cover seeds with straw to keep the sun from stealing their promise. The children clapped when seedlings pushed through. The farmers watched with narrow eyes, then, on market day, brought her a cup of coffee and a sack of the smallest sorghum seed they could spare.

News of the little garden traveled beyond Adera. A visiting agronomist from the regional center—hearing about the "girl who taught the harvest"—came to see the terraces. He found neat rows and smiling faces. He stayed a week, teaching more efficient ways to store seed and how to construct water-harvesting pits that would catch every generous rain. He helped Mariam write a short leaflet, simple and clear, so what she built could be taught elsewhere.

Mariam was fifteen when the first full harvest after the dry years came. The yield was not prodigious, but it was steady enough to fill pots and calm the tightness in her parents' shoulders. There was singing in the market, and the priest rang the bell in thanks. Mariam watched the sacks stacked and felt the same quiet sunrise that had named her: slow, certain, and full of small miracles.

But life in a valley is never only harvest and triumph. A fever swept through the lower plains the following year. It took the teacher's voice and left an emptier desk. Mariam helped at the clinic, learning to boil water and comfort those with high temperatures, to keep patients cool and hopeful. She walked between the sick and the wells and taught families to keep dust from the water with simple cloth filters. She worked nights, carrying bowls and instructions, and held fast to the belief that knowledge could mend what worry had broken.

Years moved like a steady river. Mariam grew into a woman who could read the clouds as others read letters. Young women came to her with worries about fields and children, and parents brought girls with bright eyes aspiring to learn. Wudase Mariam opened a small room near the school with shelves for seeds, for tools, and for a battered tin box of books. The room became a place of exchange: someone brought experience, another shared a new worm composting trick, a child left a painted story of how farmers saved the village.

One autumn an invitation arrived from the city: a university interested in community programs wanted her to speak. Mariam stood before faces polished with curiosity and nervousness. She told them about terraces made of sticks and stones, about seed-sharing circles, and about the rows of children who had learned to measure rainfall with patience. She spoke plain and with a quiet laugh at her own mistakes—how a clay catchment once cracked because they had forgotten to let it dry. The audience clapped; a journalist asked her to write a guide for rural teachers.

Mariam wrote by lamplight, folding experience into pages as gently as she folded seeds into sacks. Her guide was not a book of big theories but a collection of small recipes: how to build a simple water pit, how to keep seed dry, how to teach children to measure sprout rates. It traveled to neighboring districts and then, slowly, further. Letters came back: a teacher in a highland village who had doubled her garden, a group of women who used Mariam's clay roofs to keep rain from spoiling their harvest, a boy who had become an apprentice to a carpenter because Mariam encouraged him to try.

She married Yosef in a celebration that smelled of frying injera and coffee and had dancing that left sore feet and bright cheeks. They kept a small plot and an even smaller house, but their door was always open. Their children learned the names of the birds and the math of measuring rainfall. Mariam's mother grew old and told stories that the grandchildren would trace on their palms like roadmaps.

When a new road came—smooth and sudden as a river cut—trucks rolled through the valley bringing both opportunity and worry. Some feared that the old ways would fade. Mariam argued that what mattered was not the road but the hands that met it: if people carried knowledge along the road, then the road would be a bridge rather than a cause of loss. She worked with the elders to create a market-day school where travelers could share tools and farmers could demonstrate seed preservation. The road widened the circle of friends.

In time, Mariam became known beyond the valley as "the gentle dawn who kept the harvest." She received visitors who wished to learn how communities could save water and seeds. She trained others to start their own rooms, to make leaflets, and to teach the smallest children that the future begins with patience and small, steady actions.

One spring, as the acacia burst into pale green and the church bell rang for an ordinary Sunday, Mariam walked to the terrace garden she had helped shape long ago. The soil was dark and full; seedlings raised their faces like a congregation. Around the garden children played, reciting the names of the seasons, and farmers paused from their work to sip tea and trade a joke. Yosef sat on the low wall, whittling a small bird for a child's birthday. The villagers called her by her full name sometimes, and by the softer "Wudase" at other times.

She sat on the earth and let the sun warm her face. She thought of the times she had carried water by moonlight and of the first seeds that had surprised the ground with life. She thought of the visitors who had gone back to their own hills and plains and taught what they had learned. The valley, she realized, had not simply survived; it had learned to bend without breaking. The Internet Archive (archive

That evening, the market bell rang and the children lined up with lanterns. Mariam stood and watched them go, their shadows long and hopeful. She felt the steady thrum of life in the place she had always listened to—the wind in the sorghum, the steps on the stony path, the small steady hands planting seed. The dawn name that had followed her all her life felt true: gentle, patient, and necessary.

When she was old enough to rest, Mariam placed her hands in the soil and smiled. The valley remembered her not only for the work she had done, but for the way she had taught others to listen—to the clouds, to the land, and to each other. In the years after, mothers pointed to the garden and told their children the story of Wudase Mariam, who taught a village to keep its seed and its hope.

And every dawn after, when the light first touched the Adera hills, someone would pause and whisper a thanks to the girl who had learned to gather small things into a net strong enough to hold a future.

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"Wudase Mariam" is an Amharic text that translates to "Praise of Mary" in English. It is a collection of prayers, hymns, and liturgical poems dedicated to the Virgin Mary, often recited or chanted during the Ethiopian Orthodox Church's liturgical services and Marian feast days.

The text is considered an important part of Ethiopian Orthodox tradition and is often studied by scholars of Ethiopian literature, liturgy, and spirituality.

If you're interested in finding an English PDF version of "Wudase Mariam", I recommend trying the following sources:

Keep in mind that the availability of "Wudase Mariam" in English PDF format might be limited due to its specific cultural and liturgical context. You may need to explore academic or ecclesiastical sources to find the text or relevant studies about it.

Wudase Mariam (ውዳሴ ማርያም), or the "Hymns of Praise for the Virgin Mary," is a foundational liturgical text in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOTC). Traditionally attributed to Saint Ephrem the Syrian

in the 4th century, it consists of seven hymns—one for each day of the week—honoring Mary as the Mother of God (Theotokos). Wudase Mariam: English Resources (PDFs)

You can find English translations and bilingual versions (Ge'ez/Amharic/English) of the text on several digital libraries and community platforms: Bilingual Hymns (English/Ge'ez/Amharic)

hosts a 46-page document from St. Gabriel Church Media that includes daily hymns and special occasion prayers. English-Only Devotional

provides a 24-page English translation titled "Wudase Mariam: Hymns of Praise" which focuses on the theological and poetic themes of the text. Study Guides

: A broader 37-page overview of the text’s significance and its role within the EOTC is available at Draft Paper: The Liturgical Significance of Wudase Mariam I. Introduction Defining the Text Wudase Mariam

is the central Marian devotion of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Authorship and Origin

: Though credited to Saint Ephrem the Syrian, it is deeply integrated into the unique Ge'ez poetic tradition of Ethiopian Christianity.

: The text serves as both a dogmatic defense of the Incarnation and a personal devotional tool that organizes the spiritual life of the faithful through a weekly cycle of praise. II. Theological Themes Wudase Mariam: Hymns of Praise | PDF | Gabriel - Scribd

The hymns are organized into seven sections, one for each day of the week, as they are traditionally recited daily by the faithful:

Sunday: Named "Beloved Woman," focusing on Mary as the tabernacle where God's word became flesh.

Monday: Praises her as the garden of delight where Jesus was brought forth.

Tuesday - Saturday: Each day continues the themes of her intercession, holiness, and role in the salvation of humanity. Finding English PDF Guides

Several high-quality English translations and guides are available online: Wudase Mariam: Hymns of Praise (English) : A clear, multi-page translation available on Scribd that covers all seven daily hymns. Wedase Mariam Bilingual Guide

: A 44-page document on Scribd that provides the Ge'ez text alongside the English translation for Sunday through Saturday.

Ethiopian Orthodox Resources: Comprehensive prayer guides and PDF collections can be found on sites like Academia.edu, which discuss the curriculum and singing modes (Araray and Ezel) used for these hymns. How to Use the Guide

Recitation: Many users read the hymn corresponding to the current day of the week.

Meditation: Use the English text to reflect on the theological descriptions of Mary as the "Ark of the Covenant" or the "Burning Bush".

Intercession: The hymns conclude with a call for Mary to pray for mercy and forgiveness for the believers. Wudase Mariam: Hymns of Praise | PDF | Gabriel - Scribd

Where to Find a Legitimate Wudase Mariam in English PDF

As a responsible guide, I will direct you toward trustworthy sources. Please note that I cannot provide direct download links to copyrighted material, but I will tell you exactly where to look.

The Structure of the Prayer

If you are reading the English PDF, you will notice the prayer is divided into specific parts:

✅ Best Options for a Legal Wudase Mariam in English PDF:

  1. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church – Official Website

    • The Foreign Mission Department in Addis Ababa has published an official English translation. Visit their website and check the “Publications” or “Downloads – Digital Library” section.

  2. The Abyssinian Press (Mahibera Kidusan)

    • This is the primary publishing arm of the Ethiopian Church in North America. They sell both physical copies and, in some cases, licensed PDFs through platforms like Google Play Books or Amazon Kindle (which can be converted to PDF).

  3. Project Gutenberg & Academic Repositories

    • An older (early 20th century) translation by E. A. Wallis Budge titled “The Book of the Praise of the Virgin Mary (Wudase Mariam)” is in the public domain. This is an excellent scholarly edition, though the English is archaic (Victorian style). You can download this Wudase Mariam in English PDF for free legally from:
      • Archive.org
      • Google Books (download as PDF)
      • University of Toronto’s digital library.

  4. St. Takla Haymanout Church Website (st-takla.org)

    • This is a well-respected Coptic Orthodox site that also hosts Ethiopian texts. They have a side-by-side Ge’ez-English PDF of the Wudase Mariam. While more Coptic-focused, the Ethiopian version is extremely close.